Abadlali be-roulette abadumileyo

Joseph Jagger (1830–1892)

Usomashishini wamalaphu waseShelf, kufutshane neBradford, okwakuthe ifemu yakhe yaseManchester yasilela ngo-1860. Malunga no-1880 waya eMonte Carlo, wenza ukuba amavili arekhodwe, kwaye wabheja amanani awayephuma kaninzi kakhulu. Eyona ngxelo yokuqala, incwadi kaVictor Bethell yango-1901, ithi waphumelela i-£120,000, waphinda walahlekelwa yi-£40,000 kuyo kwaye wahamba malunga ne-£80,000, malunga nezigidi ezimbini zeefranki, nokuba ikhasino kuqala yashukumisa amavili ayo isuka kwitafile iye kwenye ubusuku ngabunye emva koko yaodola amatsha aneziqendu ezinokususwa. Akukho phephandaba lelo xesha elanika ingxelo ngempumelelo, kwaye amaphepha ekhasino aloo minyaka akasekho. Umbhali wobomi bakhe uAnne Fletcher (2018), umtshana wakhe wesizukulwana sesithathu, ubeka utyelelo lokuqala ngo-1880 okanye ngo-1881, hayi ngo-1873 okanye ngo-1875 wamabali amadala. Oonobhala abathandathu abaqeshiweyo bavela kuBethell; uluhlu lwamanani alithoba nomkrwelo ekuthiwa wawusika evilini zivela okokuqala ngo-1951, kwaye akukho nto izixhasayo. Xa wasweleka ngo-1892 ilifa lakhe lalimbalwa. Iphepha likaJoseph Jagger lihlola ubungqina.

Joseph Jagger: isicwangciso se-roulette eMonte Carlo

Charles Wells (1841–1922)

Umqhophololi nomyili owafika eMonte Carlo ngo-1891 nemali eyaqokelelwa ngenxa yoyilo lobuxoki kwaye waphula ibhanki izihlandlo eziliqela kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, ephumelela malunga ne-£40,000 ngothotho olumangalisayo. Wabanga ukuba unenkqubo engenakusilela kwaye akazange ayichaze. Waba “yiNdoda eYaphula iBhanki eMonte Carlo” kwingoma yeholo lomculo, waphinda walahlekelwa yinxalenye yemali ngobo busika, kwaye wachitha uninzi lobomi bakhe obuseleyo entolongweni ngenxa yobuqhophololi. Nokuba inkqubo yakhe yayiyintoni na, isiphumo sakhe yayilithamsanqa.

Indoda eyaphula ibhanki

Hibbs noWalford (1947)

Ngo-1947 abafundi ababini beYunivesithi yaseChicago, uAlbert Hibbs, owayegqiba isidanga se-master kwizibalo, noRoy Walford, umfundi wezonyango, bachitha iholide eReno berekhoda imijikelo. Babekhangela amavili apho amanye amanani ephuma kaninzi kunoko kuvunyelwa yi-1 kwali-38, bafumana amanye, bawabheja, baqhubela phambili eLas Vegas. Iphephancwadi i-Life libalisa ibali ngoDisemba 1947 phantsi kwesihloko esithi “How to Win $6,500”; iingxelo zamva, kuquka ekaHibbs ngokwakhe, zinika izixa ezikhulu, kwaye uThorp, ebhala ngo-1998, wakubeka ngo-1949–50. Imali yahlawula isikhephe seseyile seenyawo ezingama-40 nangaphezulu konyaka eCaribbean. UHibbs waqhubela phambili kwi-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, apho waba lilizwi layo elaziwa kakhulu esidlangalaleni, kwaye uWalford waba ngumphandi ngokwaluphala. Eyabo yimpumelelo yokuqala yaseMelika ebhalwe kakuhle evela ekuthambekeleni kwevili, kwaye yiyo uThorp awayeyicinga ngo-1955 xa wagqiba ukuba amavili enziwe kakuhle kuya kufuneka oyiswe ngefiziksi endaweni yoko.

Norman Leigh (1966)

Ehlotyeni lowe-1966 uNorman Leigh, umNgesi owabhala ukuba uyise watshabalala kwi-roulette, wathatha iqela labalishumi elinambini waya kwiCasino Municipal eNice. Ngokwengxelo yakhe badlala i-LabouchèreisicwangcisoLabouchèreInkqubo yokucima: bhala umgca wamanani, ubheje isixa samanani amabini asekupheleni, uwacime emva kokuphumelela, wongeze ibheji elahlekileyo emva kokulahlekelwa.Funda yonke → eguqulweyo kuwo omathandathu amathuba alinganayo kwiitafile ezimbini, baphumelela kakhulu ubusuku obuninzi, kwaye bamiswa xa ikhasino yavala iitafile yabavalela kwiikhasino zaseFransi. Incwadi yakhe, i-Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), kuphela kwengqina elipheleleyo, kwaye izixa zayo azinakuqinisekiswa. Inkqubo ayinakuzicacisa: i-Labouchère eguqulweyo ibiza i-1.35% yesixa esipheleleyo esibhejiweyoimaliIsixa esipheleleyo esibhejiweyoIsixa esipheleleyo esibhejiweyo kwiseshoni okanye kwixesha elithile, kubalwa nemali ephumeleleyo ephinda ibhejwe. Kwakhona: handle, action.Funda yonke → nge-la partageumthethoLa partageUmthetho wesiFrentshi: xa kuphuma iqanda, isiqingatha sebheji yemali elinganayo siyabuyiswa. Sisika inzuzo yekhasino kwezo bheji ibe sisiqingatha, yi-1.35%.Funda yonke → kwaye iphumelela kuphela kwiseshoni ethile apho umgca unyuka ukuya kumda ophezulu (jonga isicwangciso se-Labouchère kwi-roulette). Abadlali abalishumi elinambini kumathuba amathandathu ubusuku obuninzi badlala iiseshoni ezininzi, ezimbalwa kuzo kwakufuneka zibe ziimpumelelo ezinkulu, kwaye ukuvala komdlalo yikhasino kwathintela ithamsanqa ukuba lilingane.

Intsomi: isicwangciso se-roulette esisoloko siphumelelaIsicwangciso se-Labouchère kwi-roulette

Thorp noShannon (1961)

U-Edward Thorp, owaqhubela phambili woyisa i-blackjack ngokubala amakhadi, noClaude Shannon, umseki wethiyori yolwazi, bakha ikhompyutha yokuqala enokunxitywa: isixhobo esingangepakethi yecuba esasilinganisa ixesha lebholaizixhoboIbholaIbhola encinci ephoswa emzileni ngokuchasene nerotha. Iibhola zanamhlanje zenziwe nge-ivorine okanye nge-Teflon, zi-18–21 mm.Funda yonke → nerothaizixhoboIrothaInxalenye ejikelezayo yevili ethwele izikhewu.Funda yonke → kwaye sithumela isandi kwisixhobo sendlebe esichaza isahlulo sesibhozo sevili. Sasebenza kwigumbi elingaphantsi likaShannon kwivili elathengwayo kwaye ngamaxesha athile eLas Vegas, apho iingcingo zaqhawuka kwaye isixhobo sendlebe sasibonakala. Bayeka ngenxa yezizathu ezisebenzayo; uThorp wayibhengeza inkqubo ngo-1966 kwaye wayichaza ngokupheleleyo ngo-1979 nango-1984 (jonga Ukudlala ngenzuzo kwi-roulette).

The Eudaemons (1976–1981)

Iqela labafundi bezidanga eziphezulu zefiziksi eSanta Cruz lakha iikhompyutha ezincinci zedijithali ezinokunxitywa ekhasino: omnye umdlali wayelinganisa ixesha levili ngamaqhosha ezinzwane, ikhompyutha yayiqikelela icandeloiviliIcandeloIsiqwenga esiqhubekayo sezikhewu evilini, esahlukileyo kwiqela elikwibhodi yokubheja.Funda yonke →, kwaye umdlali wesibini wayefumana uqikelelo ngokungcangcazela abheje kulo. Ngo-1977 nango-1978 ikhompyutha yayibotshelelwe phantsi kwekhwapha; uhlobo lwamva, olwakhelwe kwisoli yesihlangu, laya eLas Vegas ngoNovemba 1981 kwaye loyiswa yingxolo yombane yeekhasino. Uvavanyo lwabo lwathembisa inzuzo yama-44%, kwaye iseshoni yabo yokuqala ende kwitafile yokwenyani yanika malunga nama-25%. Izixhobo zazingafane zisebenze ixesha elide: iingcingo ezikhululekileyo, ukothuka ngumbane kwaye kanye ukutsha ngenxa yeengcingo ezishushu kakhulu kwaphelisa iiseshoni ezininzi. Baphumelela amawaka ambalwa eedola kwiibheji zedime nekota, bachitha malunga ne-$15,000 kwaye bashiya incwadi entle. Iphepha leEudaemons libalisa ibali.

The Eudaemons

Richard Jarecki (1931–2018)

Ugqirha waseMelika owazalelwa eJamani owathi, nomfazi wakhe uCarol nabancedisi abambalwa, warekhoda amavili eqandaiviliIqandaIsikhewu esinye esiluhlaza esingagubungelwa yibheji yemali elinganayo, yedazini okanye yekholamu; umthombo wenzuzo yekhasino. Kwakhona: iqanda elinye, 0.Funda yonke → elinye kwiikhasino zaseYurophu ngeminyaka yee-1960 nasekuqaleni kwee-1970, ngaphezu kwako konke eSanremo, kwaye wabheja amanani awayephuma kaninzi kakhulu. Ngokwengxelo kaCarol Jarecki ivili elinye lalinokuthatha imijikelo engaphezulu kwe-10,000 nexesha elide njengenyanga. Isaziso sokufa sango-2018 sithi ngokweengxelo ezininzi waphumelela ngaphezulu kwe-$1.2 yezigidi; eli nani alizange liphicothwe. Wathi kwiintatheli ikhompyutha yeYunivesithi yaseLondon yawuqhekeza umdlalo; isaziso sokufa sango-2018 nombhali-mbali we-roulette uRussell Barnhart bakuchaza oku njengesigqubuthelo sokuqwalasela nje. ISanremo yamcela ukuba ahlale kude ngoJanuwari 1969, yamvalela njengomngcakazi oziingcali ngoFebruwari yaphinda yamamkela kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, yashukumisa iitafile zayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni yatshintsha amavili amalunga namashumi amabini anesine. Wabuyela eMelika ngo-1973 okanye ngo-1974. Iingxelo zelo xesha zinika iinkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Richard Jarecki: inkqubo ye-roulette

Gonzalo García-Pelayo (wazalwa ngo-1947)

Umvelisi werekhodi nomlawuli wefilimu waseSpain owathi, nabantwana bakhe nabatshana bakhe, warekhoda malunga nemijikelo eyi-5,000 ngevili ngalinye kwiCasino Gran Madrid, ngaphandle kwesixeko, ukusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-1991, kwaye wabheja izikhewuizixhoboIsikhewuEsinye sezikhewu ezingama-37 ezinamanani kwirotha. Kwakhona: slot, cup.Funda yonke → ezazihamba phambili. Ngokwamanani akhe esona sikhewu silungileyo saphumelela kanye kwimijikelo engama-28 kwaye inzuzo yayimalunga ne-6%; ubeka iimpumelelo kwi-200 ukuya kwi-250 yezigidi zeepeseta kwiikhasino eziliqela. Ikhasino yavalela intsapho, urhulumente wabuchitha ubuvalo, kwaye izibheno zekhasino zasilela, esokugqibela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngoJuni 2004. Inkundla yathi abadlali babesebenzise ubukrelekrele nekhompyutha akukho nto ingaphezulu, kwaye impendulo esemthethweni yekhasino kukushukumisa amavili ayo, ukutshintsha iinxalenye zawo okanye ukuwakha ngcono. Iphepha likaGonzalo García-Pelayo libalisa ngokupheleleyo.

Gonzalo García-Pelayo: inkqubo ye-rouletteI-roulette eYurophu

Abathathu baseRitz (2004)

Abadlali abathathu, amadoda amabini nebhinqa elinye abavela kwiYugoslavia yangaphambili naseHungary, baphumelela malunga ne-£1.3 yezigidi ngobusuku obubini ngoMatshi 2004 kwiRitz Club eLondon, bebheja emva kwexesha kumaqela amancinci amanani angabamelwane. Amaphephandaba anika ingxelo ngesikena se-laser esifihlwe efowunini; akukho sixhobo sinjalo sakha saziswa. Babanjwa bakhululwa, kwaye ngoDisemba 2004 amapolisa alirhoxisa ityala abuyisa imali, kuba umthetho omdala wokukopela wawungafikeleli koko bakwenzayo. Ingxelo yeBloomberg yango-2023 ngenkokeli, umCroatia owaziwa ngokuba nguNiko Tosa, ichaza uqikelelo ngamehlo kwivili elithambeke kancinci, hayi isixhobo. I-Gambling Act 2005 yathatha indawo yetyala elidala ngelibanzi lokukopela, elisebenza ukusukela ngo-2007; nokuba liyaluquka na uqikelelo ngamehlo akuzange kuvavanywe enkundleni. Yayiyimpumelelo yokugqibela enkulu, esidlangalaleni ngokuchasene ne-roulette ngoqikelelo.

Into efanayo kubadlali be-roulette abaphumeleleyo

Bonke abaphumeleleyo ababhaliweyo nokuba balinganisa ivili (uJagger, uHibbs noWalford, uJarecki, uGarcía-Pelayo) okanye baqikelela ibhola (uThorp, iEudaemons, iqela laseRitz). Akukho namnye kubo owaphumelela ngepateni yokubheja, kwaye umdlali omnye odumileyo wenkqubo, uWells, wabuyisa inxalenye yayo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa waphelela entolongweni. Yonke indlela abayisebenzisayo ekugqibeleni yavalwa ziikhasino zitshintsha ivili, imithetho okanye umthetho. Amaphepha eLebhu achaza iindlela; eli phepha lichaza ukuba kutheni uve ngabantu abambalwa kangaka.

Imibuzo