I-roulette yaseMonte Carlo
Ikhasino eyaguqula ilizwe elincinci lenkosana laba likhaya levili leqanda elinye.
Yavulwa ngo-1863 phantsi kukaFrançois Blanc, iCasino de Monte-Carlo yenza ivili laseYurophu laba ngumgangatho welizwekazi kwaye yanika i-roulette awona mabali ayo adumileyo, ukusuka kwivili elithambekileyo likaJagger ukuya kwabamnyama abangama-26 bango-1913.
Kutheni iMonaco
Ngeminyaka yee-1850 iMonaco yayiliwa elitshonileyo elinenkosana, ibhotwe kwaye lingenamzi-mveliso. Ukungcakaza kwakusenziwa ukuba kungabi semthethweni kuwo onke amazwe aseJamani, apho iikhasino zeedolophu zemithombo zazichumile. INkosana uCharles III yanika imvume yekhasino ngo-1856; iinzame zokuqala zasilela ngenxa yokungabikho kukaloliwe nendlela. UFrançois Blanc, owayenze iBad Homburg yadume, wathenga imvume ngo-1863, wakha iSociété des Bains de Mer, wanyanzelisa uloliwe ovela eNice, kwaye wathiya isahlulo esitsha ngokuba yiMonte Carlo ngokwegama lenkosana. Ikhasino yaxhasa ilizwe ngokupheleleyo kangangokuba irhafu yengeniso yapheliswa ngo-1869 kwaye ayizange ibuye.
Iqanda elinye njengomgaqo-nkqubo
UBlanc weza nevili leqandaiviliIqandaIsikhewu esinye esiluhlaza esingagubungelwa yibheji yemali elinganayo, yedazini okanye yekholamu; umthombo wenzuzo yekhasino. Kwakhona: iqanda elinye, 0.Funda yonke → elinye ukusuka eHomburg. EMonte Carlo lalingelilo iqhinga lokukhuphisana kodwa ngumgangatho: yonke itafile, yonke imihla. Abadlali abavela kuyo yonke iYurophu bafunda umdlalo we-roulette waseMonte Carlo kwi-2.70% kwaye bawulindela nakwezinye iindawo, yiyo loo nto iqanda eliphindiweyouhloboIqanda eliphindiweyoIsikhewu esingu-00 sevili laseMelika. Ubukho baso bunyusa inzuzo yekhasino ukusuka kwi-2.70% ukuya kwi-5.26%.Funda yonke → lisaphila kuphela apho iMonte Carlo ingazange imisele umgangatho.
Imvume yokuqala yekhasino eMonaco. Iyasilela: akukho ndlela, akukho loliwe, abadlali bambalwa.
UFrançois Blanc uyathatha. ISociété des Bains de Mer iyasekwa.
Uloliwe ovela eNice uyavulwa. Iindwendwe zifika ngoololiwe abazeleyo.
Irhafu yengeniso iphelisiwe eMonaco.
UJoseph Jagger ufumana ukuthambekela kumavili kwaye uphumelela ubutyebi; ikhasino ishukumisa amavili ayo, emva koko iyawatshintsha.
UCharles Wells “waphula ibhanki” izihlandlo eziliqela kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, ngethamsanqa nangenkqubo angazange ayichaze.
Amnyama angama-26 elandelelana. Impazamo yomngcakazi ifumana elinye igama layo.
ICasino de Monte-Carlo iphulukana nolawulo olukhethekileyo lokungcakaza eRiviera njengoko iikhasino zaseFransi ziphinda zivulwa.
Ukwaphula ibhanki
Itafile nganye ye-roulette yaseMonte Carlo yayinogcino lwemali, “ibhanki”. Xa umdlali ephumelela ngaphezu kogcino, itafile yayigqunywa ngelaphu elimnyamaibhejiOmnyamaIbheji yemali elinganayo kumanani ali-18 amnyama. NgesiFrentshi: noir.Funda yonke → ngelixa kulandwa enye imali: ibhanki “yayaphukile”. Kwakusenzeka rhoqo kwaye yayiyintengiso entle kakhulu; kwakungathethi ukuba ikhasino ilahlekelwe yimali iyonke, kodwa kuphela ukuba imali yetafile enye iphelile. UCharles Wells wakwenza oku izihlandlo eziliqela ngo-1891 ngothotho olungaqhelekanga, waba yingoma yeholo lomculo, kwaye waphinda walahlekelwa yinxalenye yayo ngobo busika.
Amabali
Ivili elithambekileyoilebhuIvili elithambekileyoIvili elineziphene ezenza ezinye izikhewu zibe namathuba angaphezulu kwe-1/37. Alifumaneki lula, linokubonwa kuphela ngamawaka emijikelo erekhodiweyo.Funda yonke → likaJoseph Jagger (malunga no-1880), uWells (1891) kunye nabamnyama abangama-26 (1913) bonke benzeka apha, kwaye nganye ivela kwiphepha layo. Isebe lentengiso lekhasino, elalingaphambi kwexesha lalo, laqinisekisa ukuba onke anikwa ingxelo kumaphephandaba aseLondon. Intsomi yendawo apho kwakuphunyelelwa khona ubutyebi yathengisa amatikiti kaloliwe amaninzi kunayo nayiphi na ingxelo enyanisekileyo nge-2.70%.
Umdlalo we-roulette waseMonte Carlo namhlanje
Ikhasino isasebenza, kwaye i-roulette isesembindini wesalon enkulu, enamavili eqanda elinye nemithetho yaseFransi (la partageumthethoLa partageUmthetho wesiFrentshi: xa kuphuma iqanda, isiqingatha sebheji yemali elinganayo siyabuyiswa. Sisika inzuzo yekhasino kwezo bheji ibe sisiqingatha, yi-1.35%.Funda yonke → okanye en prisonumthethoEn prisonUmthetho wesiFrentshi: xa kuphuma iqanda, ibheji yemali elinganayo igcinwa kumjikelo olandelayo endaweni yokulahleka. Isika inzuzo yekhasino kwezo bheji ibe sisiqingatha.Funda yonke → kwimali elinganayo). ISociété des Bains de Mer iseyeyona nkampani iphambili yelizwe lenkosana. Indlela ye-Monte Carlo kwizibalo, eyathiywa ngu-Ulam noVon Neumann ngeminyaka yee-1940 ngokwekhasino, yiyo eqhuba izilinganisi kule sayithi.
Imibuzo
Hayi. Bavalelwe ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19; ikhasino yayiyeyeendwendwe.
Lunikwe ingxelo ngokungaguquguqukiyo kwiingxelo zamva; iirekhodi zekhasino ngokwayo zelo xesha azikho esidlangalaleni. AmathubaizibaloAmathubaIthuba lesiphumo, ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-1 okanye ku-0% ukuya ku-100%. Inani elinye: 1/37 = 2.70%.Funda yonke → ayahambelana nokuba kwenzeke kwenye indawo kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yokudlala.
Umalume kaStanislaw Ulam wayengcakaza apho; igama lalilibinzana eliyimfihlo lesampulu engacwangciswanga kwi-Manhattan Project.
Uncumo
Ibhanki yayaphulwa rhoqo. Ikhasino ayizange ibe semngciphekweni.
Imithombo
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.