Imbali neNkcubeko · Imbali · imizuzu eyi-9

Imbali yeenkqubo ze-roulette

Iinkulungwane ezimbini zabantu bebhala phantsi imithetho yokutshintsha iibheji zabo.

Impendulo emfutshane

I-Martingale ivela kwinkulungwane ye-18; i-D’Alembert ithiywe ngesazi sezibalo esasingayithandi; i-Labouchère yayisisizotho sezopolitiko waseVictoria. Akukho nanye kuzo eyasebenza nangelo xesha.

Martingale

Inkulungwane ye-18, eFransi

D’Alembert

emva ko-1717–1783

Labouchère

Inkulungwane ye-19, eNgilani

uvavanyo lokuqala ngekhompyutha

Iminyaka yee-1950

Martingale

Igama livela kwisitayile sokuthetha sokungcakaza sesiProvençal (à la martegalo, “ngendlela yabantu baseMartigues”, ababesaziwa ngokungakhathali) kwibheji ephindwa kabini, ebhalwe kwizichazi-magama zesiFrentshi ukusukela kwiminyaka yee-1760. UThorp (1984), elandela i-American Heritage Dictionary, unika inkcazo yesibini yesintu: abantu baseMartigues babehlekisa ngenxa yemikhwa engaqhelekanga, phakathi kwayo ukubopha iibhulukhwe zabo ngasemva, ngoko eli binzana lafika lathetha “ngendlela ehlekisayo”. Lalisele libali lesilumkiso eParis ngenkulungwane ye-18: uCasanova uchaza ukulahlekelwa bubutyebi ephinda kabini kwi-faro eVenice ngeminyaka yee-1750. Izibalo zokuba kutheni isilela, umda wetafileitafileUmda wetafileIbheji encinci nenkulu evumelekileyo. Ubuninzi yinto emisa ukunyuswa kweebheji okuphindaphindayo.Funda yonke → kunye nemali yokudlalaimaliImali yokudlalaIsixa esipheleleyo esibekelwe ukudlala. Ulawulo lwemali yokudlala kukugqiba ukuba ingakanani kuyo oyibeka emngciphekweni kwibheji nganye nakwiseshoni nganye.Funda yonke → enomda, zaziqondwa ngeminyaka yee-1770. Kwithiyori yamathubaizibaloAmathubaIthuba lesiphumo, ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-1 okanye ku-0% ukuya ku-100%. Inani elinye: 1/37 = 2.70%.Funda yonke → “martingaleisicwangcisoMartingaleUkunyuswa kweebheji okuphindaphinda ibheji emva kokulahlekelwa ngakunye. Bona icandelo lezicwangciso ukuze wazi oko ikwenzayo nengakwenziyo.Funda yonke →” yaba ligama lobugcisa ngeminyaka yee-1930 lomdlalo onobulungisaizibaloUmdlalo onobulungisaUmdlalo apho kungekho cala linenzuzo: yonke ibheji inexabiso elilindelekileyo eliliqanda.Funda yonke →, nto leyo ekuphela kwento i-Martingale ye-roulette engeyiyo.

Kwi-faro eVenice umdlali uphinda kabini emva kokulahlekelwa, njengoko wenzayo uCasanova.

Imida yetafile ye-roulette

D’Alembert

UJean le Rond d’Alembert waxoxa kwi-Encyclopédie (1754) ukuba emva kothotho lweentloko, imisila yayinamathuba amaninzi, inkcazo yokuqala yempazamo yomngcakazi yisazi sezibalo esiphambili. Inkqubo yokubheja eyongeza iyunithiimaliIyunithiIbheji esisiseko esetyenziswa yinkqubo okanye ngumdlali. Ukunyuswa kweebheji kuchazwa ngeeyunithi ukuze kusebenze kuyo nayiphi na itafile.Funda yonke → emva kokulahlekelwa iyisuse emva kokuphumelela yathiywa ngaye ngabangcakazi bamva ababenale nkolelo. Akazange ayicebise kwaye, ngeemini zakhe ezingcono, ngewayeyalile.

Isicwangciso se-D'Alembert kwi-roulette

Labouchère

UHenry LabouchèreisicwangcisoLabouchèreInkqubo yokucima: bhala umgca wamanani, ubheje isixa samanani amabini asekupheleni, uwacime emva kokuphumelela, wongeze ibheji elahlekileyo emva kokulahlekelwa.Funda yonke → (1831–1912), intatheli, umnini-theatha nelungu lepalamente le-Liberal, wenza inkqubo yokucima yaduma kuluntu lwaseLondon ngeminyaka yee-1870 kwaye kuthiwa wayisebenzisa eMonte Carlo. Indlela, yokubhala umgca wamanani nokubheja isixa seziphelo, indala kunaye. Igama lakhe lanamatheliswa kuba wayedume ngezinye izinto kwaye kuba inkqubo inophawu olunqabileyo lokudla ngokusebenza, nto leyo eyayenza ibe ngumxholo wencoko esidlweni sangokuhlwa.

Iinkqubo nabantu ezithiywe ngabo

Iminyaka yee-1750

UCasanova ulahlekelwa ephinda kabini kwi-faro. I-Martingale sele indala.

1754

U-D’Alembert upapasha impazamo kamva ebizwa ngegama lakhe njengenkqubo.

Iminyaka yee-1760

I-“Martingale” ingena kwizichazi-magama zesiFrentshi njengesitayile sokuthetha sokungcakaza.

Iminyaka yee-1870

ULabouchère wenza ukucima kudume eLondon.

Iminyaka yee-1890

Ukunyuswa kweebheji kwe-Fibonacci ne-Paroli kuvela kwiincwadi zokungcakaza.

Iminyaka yee-1900

Iinkqubo “zamacandelo” ezisekelwe kulungelelwaniso lwevili zithengiswa ngeposi.

1939

UHalmos, umfundi kaDoob, ungqina ukuba akukho nkqubo yokubheja inokuguqula umdlalo ongancedi ube ngumdlalo oncedayo.

Iminyaka yee-1950–60

Iikhompyutha zilinganisa yonke inkqubo. Zonke zibonisa −1/37 yesixa esipheleleyo esibhejiweyo.

namhlanje

Iinkqubo ezifanayo zithengiswa kwi-intanethi neziphumo ezifanayo, zilinganiswa kwibhrawuza kule sayithi.

I-roulette yaseMonte Carlo Isicwangciso se-Labouchère kwi-roulette

Inkulungwane yama-20

I-FibonacciisicwangcisoFibonacciUkunyuswa kweebheji okulandela uthotho 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13…: inyathelo elinye phambili emva kokulahlekelwa, amanyathelo amabini umva emva kokuphumelela.Funda yonke → ne-ParoliisicwangcisoParoliUkunyuswa kweebheji okuhle: phindaphinda emva kokuphumelela, uqale kwakhona emva kokulahlekelwa okanye emva kokuphumelela kathathu ngokulandelelana. Kwakhona: i-Martingale ebuyela umva.Funda yonke → zangena kwiincwadi zokungcakaza malunga no-1900. Phakathi kwenkulungwane kwafika iinkqubo ezithengiswa ngeposi, nganye inobungqina bomthengi nesiqinisekiso sokubuyiselwa imali, kunye nolinganiso lokuqala ngekhompyutha, olwabonisa oko izibalo zazisele zikutsho. Ubungqina bokuba akukho nkqubo inokusebenza babusele bukhona: uJoseph Doob (1936) noPaul Halmos (1939) babonisa ukuba akukho mthetho wokukhetha ukuba ubheja nini kwaye kangakanani otshintsha isiphumo esilindelekileyo somdlalo onobulungisa okanye ongancedi, kwaye uphando lukaThorp lwango-1969 lwachaza iimeko ngendlela abangcakazi abadibana ngayo nazo. Ukususela ngoko iinkqubo azitshintshanga; intengiso iye yasuka kwiipamflethi yaya kwiividiyo.

Umqhubi weshishini uvavanya inkqubo ethengiswa ngeposi ngolinganiso lwekhompyutha, kwaye umgca uyehla kuphela.

Intsomi: isicwangciso se-roulette esisoloko siphumelela Isicwangciso se-Fibonacci kwi-roulette

Kutheni ziqhubeka zikho

Inkqubo inika umdlali into yokwenza nebali lokubalisa. Uninzi lweeseshoni phantsi kweenkqubo ezininzi luphela ngempumelelo encinci, nto leyo eyibali elingcono kunezibalo. Iiseshoni ezilahlekelayo zinqabile kwaye zikhunjulwa njengelishwa. Intengiso ayidingi kuxoka ngee-odds; idinga nje ukubonisa iseshoni ephumeleleyo, kwaye zininzi. Ingxoxo echasayo, i-2.70% yesixa esipheleleyo esibhejiweyoimaliIsixa esipheleleyo esibhejiweyoIsixa esipheleleyo esibhejiweyo kwiseshoni okanye kwixesha elithile, kubalwa nemali ephumeleleyo ephinda ibhejwe. Kwakhona: handle, action.Funda yonke →, ibikhona ukususela ngo-1796 kwaye ayizange ikholise njengobusuku bethamsanqa.

inkquboinkulungwaneinto ekwakukholelwa ukuba iyayenzainto eyenzayo

Martingaleye-18iqinisekisa impumelelo ngokuphinda kabiniiphumelela kancinci rhoqo; ilahlekelwa kakhulu kunqabile; −2.70%

D’Alembertye-18–19isebenzisa ukulingana kweempumelelo neelahlekoinyusa ibheji kancinci kancinci; −2.70%

Labouchèreye-19iqinisekisa isixa somgcaidla ngokugqitywa; ngamanye amaxesha iyabaleka; −2.70%

Fibonacciye-19–20i-Martingale ethambileyoukunyuka okucothayo, iliwa eliphezulu; −2.70%

Paroliye-19–20ikhwela uthotho lweempumeleloiilahleko ezincinci rhoqo, iimpumelelo ezinkulu kunqabile; −2.70%

Iinkqubo zamacandeloyama-20isebenzisa ulungelelwaniso lweviliakukho nto; −2.70%

Iinkqubo ezithengiswayo

Urhwebo lwenkulungwane yama-20 lwongeza amaqhinga alo, ngalinye lilungelelwaniso olutsha lweebheji ezifanayo ezingancedi. I-Phase One yayithengiswa nge-$25 kunye ne-10% yeempumelelo zomthengi, ne-Phase Two ethenjisiweyo xa i-$500 sele ihlawulwe kunye ne-“Inner Circle” nge-$5,000. Akukho nanye kuzo etshintsha izibalo: ixabiso elilindelekileyoizibaloIxabiso elilindelekileyoIsiphumo esiphakathi kwibheji nganye ekuhambeni kwexesha elide. −1/37 yebheji kuyo yonke ibheji eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu.Funda yonke → lothotho lweebheji sisixa samaxabiso alindelekileyo azo.

inkquboumbonookwenzekayo ngokwenyani

Phase Oneemva kwabomvu abahlanu, bheja omnyama ngesikali se-5, 25, 70, 200, 500 kunye ne-1,000 yeeyunithiumjikelo wesithandathu usengu-18/38 obomvu; iilahleko ezintandathu zilandelelana, malunga ne-1 kwezingama-47 kwivili eliqanda eliphindiweyo, zibiza iiyunithi eziyi-1,800

Ukulindela amaqandalinda imijikelo engama-40 ngaphandle kuka-0 okanye u-00, emva koko bheja kuwo omabini, wongeza iyunithi emva kokuphosa ngakunyeamaqanda awalithuba lawo: omabini aphosa imijikelo engama-40 malunga kanye kwisithoba, kwaye umjikelo olandelayo usengu-2 kwali-38. Ukuphosa okulishumi ngaphezulu kubiza iiyunithi ezili-110; ukubetha kumjikelo weshumi elinanye kuzuza ama-264. Ekuphela kwesiphumo ziibheji ezimbalwa ngelixa ulindile

Favored 5linda de amanani amahlanu aphinde, emva koko uwabhejelonke uthotho lwemijikelo lunokuphinda; kwivili eligcinwe kakuhle azixeli nto

Ukutshintshana kwe-ROL / BEHiibheji zemali elinganayo ngokulinganayo zitshintshana phakathi kobomvu, angalinganiyo, aphantsi kunye nomnyama, alinganayo, aphezuluuthotho lweebheji ezizimeleyo, nganye inenzuzo yekhasino epheleleyo

Inkqubo “eqinisekisiweyo” kaBartschellyi-Labouchère esasaza ilahleko nganye phezu kwamanani akhoyo endaweni yokuyongeza ekupheleniumgca awuze ube mde; iibheji zikhula noko

Le ingeyonkqubo

Imithetho yokuyeka: ukugqiba kwangaphambili ukuba ufuna ukulahlekelwa okanye ukuphumelela malini uze uhambe. Zidla ngokuthengiswa njengenxalenye yenkqubo kwaye kuphela kwenxalenye eyenza into, kuba zinciphisa isixa esipheleleyo esibhejiweyo. Azithiywanga ngamntu, nto leyo efanelekileyo.

Imibuzo

Yeyiphi eyona nkqubo indala?

I-Martingale, ngenkulungwane okanye ngaphezulu. Ukuphinda kabini emva kokulahlekelwa ngumbono wokuqala wonke umntu anawo.

Ingaba ikhona isazi sezibalo esidumileyo esakha saxhasa inkqubo?

U-D’Alembert wasondela kakhulu, ngempazamo. UPascal, uFermat, uHuygens, uBernoulli noLaplace bonke bacacisa ukuba kutheni zisilela.

Kutheni iinkqubo zisathengiswa?

Kuba uninzi lweeseshoni luyaphumelela, kwaye ividiyo yeseshoni ephumeleleyo ayibizi nto ukuyenza.

Uncumo

Iinkulungwane ezimbini zamagama. Inani elinye.

Imithombo

Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.” Review of the International Statistical Institute 37(3), 1969.
Thorp, E. O. The Mathematics of Gambling. Gambling Times / Lyle Stuart, 1984.
Doob, J. L. “Note on probability.” Annals of Mathematics 37(2), 1936.
Halmos, P. R. “Invariants of certain stochastic transformations: the mathematical theory of gambling systems.” Duke Mathematical Journal 5(2), 1939.
d’Alembert, J. “Croix ou pile.” Encyclopédie, umqulu 4, 1754.
Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling. Gotham, 2006.
Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette. CRC Press, 2021. Isahluko 2, i-roulette.

ihlolwe ngo-2026-09-28imodeli: yaseYurophu, iqanda elinyeindlela yokusebenza ↗imithombo ↗