Joseph Jagger: isicwangciso se-roulette eMonte Carlo
Indoda yamalaphu yaseYorkshire, amavili awayethanda amanye amanani, nebali elashicilelwa okokuqala emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini.
UJoseph Hobson Jagger (1830–1892), usomashishini wamalaphu ovela kufutshane neBradford, kuthiwa waphumelela malunga ne-£80,000 eMonte Carlo malunga no-1880 ngokwenza ukuba amavili arekhodwe nangokubheja amanani awayephuma kaninzi kakhulu. Akukho phephandaba okanye rekhodi yekhasino yempumelelo esekhoyo. Ibali lixhomekeke kwincwadi yango-1901, kwisithethe sentsapho nakwisitshixo sesipho somhla we-1884.
Oko kuboniswa ziirekhodi
UJoseph Hobson Jagger wazalwa ngomhla we-2 Septemba 1830 eShelf, phakathi kweBradford neHalifax. Watshata noMatilda Townend eneminyaka engamashumi amabini kwaye baba nabantwana abane. Wasebenza kurhwebo lwamalaphu ubomi bakhe bonke: njengomgcini-mpahla, njengeqabane kumzi-mveliso owawulungisa imisonto ye-warp, njengomgqibi wamalaphu eManchester. Ubalo-bantu lwango-1861 lumbiza ngokuba yi-ejenti yomqhaphu nempahla kwaye umyolelo wakhe wango-1881 umbiza ngokuba ngumenzi. Akukho xwebhu limbiza ngokuba yinjineli. Elo gama, kunye nelithi “umakhenikha”, avela kwiincwadi ezingeMonte Carlo.
NgoEpreli 1860 ishishini lakhe laseManchester lasilela, kwaye iLondon Gazette yamdwelisa phakathi kwabanamatyala abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula ekwakufuneka bevakaliswe eLancaster Castle. Umntwana wakhe omncinci wayeneminyaka emibini. Umbhali wobomi bakhe uAnne Fletcher, umtshana wakhe wesizukulwana sesithathu kunye nombhali-mbali welifa, wazifumana izaziso kwaye wafumanisa ukuba intsapho yayisahlawula amatyala kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kamva. Akazange afumane kutshona ngo-1880 okanye ngo-1881, nangona amaphephandaba aliqela emva koko ekubeke apho.
Ibali njengoko lashicilelwa okokuqala
Eyona ngxelo yokuqala yi-Monte Carlo Anecdotes and Systems of Play kaVictor Bethell (1901). UBethell umbiza ngokuba “nguJaggers”, umntu waseYorkshire nomakhenikha ngomsebenzi, kwaye akaniki gama lokuqala nanyaka. Ngokwebali lakhe uJaggers waqesha oonobhala abathandathu, wabahlalisa kwiitafile ezahlukeneyo ukuba babhale lonke inani imini yonke, kwaye emva kwenyanga wayefumene indawo ebuthathaka kulo lonke ivili. Yena namadoda akhe baphumelela i-£120,000. Ikhasino yaqala ukushukumisa amavili isuka kwitafile iye kwenye ubusuku ngabunye, kwaye uJaggers wayewahlula ngamanqaku amancinci, umkrwelo okanye ichokoza kwipeyinti. Walahlekelwa yi-£40,000 yempumelelo kwaye wahamba malunga ne-£80,000, nto leyo kwiifranki ezingama-25 ngeponti ngelo xesha zizigidi ezimbini zeefranki. Umhla omnye kuphela kaBethell kukuba konke oku kwenzeka “ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo”.
UBethell wayebhala kumashumi amabini eminyaka emva kwesiganeko kwaye akachazi ngqina. UFletcher wakhangela kumaphephandaba asekuhlaleni, esizwe nawamazwe angaphandle kwaye akafumananga ngxelo ngempumelelo, kwaye xa uyise wabhalela ikhasino waxelelwa ukuba amaphepha ayo elo xesha atshatyalaliswa.
Indlela ibali elakhula ngayo
Umbhali ngamnye wamva wongeza into ethile, kwaye izongezo zezona zinto abantu abaninzi bazaziyo.
Wayelapho nini
UFletcher ubeka utyelelo lokuqala ngo-1880 okanye ngo-1881 ngokwamaqhekeza amane obungqina. UJagger akakho kwikhaya lakhe kubalo-bantu lukaEpreli 1881, apho umfazi wakhe abhalwe njengentloko yalo. Itayitile ka-Agasti 1881 imbiza ngokuba use-6 Greaves Street, eBradford, indlu awayithenga ngaloo nyaka, kwaye ngo-Oktobha wenza umyolelo wendoda enempahla. Iqhekeza lesine kuphela kwento esekhoyo, isitshixo sesikhumbuzo kwibhokisi yesipho, esigcinwe kwintsapho. Umbhalo wayo, ovela “kubahlobo nabancomi” bakhe, uthetha ngempumelelo yakhe kwi-roulette ngokuchasene nebhanki eMonte Carlo “eyathatha ixesha leminyaka emine”, kwaye unomhla we-1 Meyi 1884.
UFletcher ukufunda oku njengokuhlala okuliqela phakathi kwangu-1880 nango-1884, hayi iveki enye. Wabukela ixesha elingakanani, nokuba wadlala ixesha elingakanani, akubhalwanga naphi na.
Ngubani owahamba naye
Oonobhala abathandathu bakaBethell abanankxaso, kwaye uFletcher uqaphela ukuba igumbi lalineetafile ze-roulette ezine okanye ezintlanu kuphela ngelo xesha. Esinye isithethe sentsapho, esabhalwa ngumhlobo owayebone iileta ezatshatyalaliswa, kukuba unyana wakhe omdala uAlfred wahamba naye. UFletcher wongeza umtshana, u-Oates Jagger, umqhubi wenjini kaloliwe, ngenxa yobutyebi bakhe bamva obungachazwanga; leso sisigqibo sakhe. Elinye isebe lentsapho lalisoloko lisithi wahamba nomphathi wakhe. Imali yohambo yabolekwa kwizalamane, kwaye esinye sazo, umzala, kuthiwa sahlawulwa.
Oko kwenziwa yikhasino
Nalapha uBethell ngumthombo wokuqala. Uthi ikhasino yaqala ngokutshintsha amavili isuka kwitafile iye kwenye ubusuku ngabunye, kwaye xa oko kwasilela yathumela umntu kwifemu yaseParis eyayiwenza. Ifemu yakha iseti entsha yamavili aneziqendu ezinokususwa, ukuze isikhewuizixhoboIsikhewuEsinye sezikhewu ezingama-37 ezinamanani kwirotha. Kwakhona: slot, cup.Funda yonke → esasimi ngokuchasene neqandaiviliIqandaIsikhewu esinye esiluhlaza esingagubungelwa yibheji yemali elinganayo, yedazini okanye yekholamu; umthombo wenzuzo yekhasino. Kwakhona: iqanda elinye, 0.Funda yonke → ngolunye usuku sime kwenye indawo ngosuku olulandelayo. UPolovtsoff, owayengusihlalo we-International Sporting Club eMonte Carlo ngeminyaka yee-1930, uthi into efanayo: amavili amatsha aneenxalenye ezinokutshintshwa, axutywa yonke imihla. Amavili amadala atshintshwa, akalungiswa.
Ukujongwa kwasekuseni kwalo lonke ivili ngesixhobo sokulinganisa kubhalwe kakuhle. U-Adolphe Smith wakubukela malunga no-1912, kwaye uPolovtsoff ukuchaza ngo-1937. Akukho namnye kubo uthi kwaqala ngoJagger, kwaye akukho xwebhu lekhasino elinxulumanisa naliphi na kula manyathelo naye.
Ukuthambekela kufuneka kube kukhulu kangakanani
Isicwangciso se-roulette sikaJoseph Jagger, njengoko ibali lisitsho, yayikukubheja amanani athandwa livili, kwaye oko kuhlawula kuphela ngaphaya komda othile. Ibheji yenani elinyeibhejiInani elinyeInani elinye, ihlawula u-35:1.Funda yonke → ihlawula u-35 ku-1, ngoko inani kufuneka liphumelele kaninzi kunakanye kwimijikelo engama-36 phambi kokuba ibheji kulo izuze nantoni na. Kwivili leqanda elinye elinobulungisa liphumelela kanye kwimijikelo engama-37.
Masithi oonobhala barekhoda ivili elinye inyanga yonke kwimijikelo engama-500 ngosuku: imijikelo eyi-15,000. Inani elinobulungisa beliya kuphuma malunga nezihlandlo ezingama-405, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwama-20. Inani eliphume izihlandlo ezingama-465 belinokuba ngaphambili ngezithathu zezo “ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi”, nto leyo ithamsanqa lodwa liphantse lingaze liyivelise. Inani elinjalo liphumelela malunga kanye kwimijikelo engama-32, kwaye ibheji kulo izuza i-11.6%: iitshiphuimaliItshiphuUphawu olumele isixa esimiselweyo, olubekwa kwibhodi yokubheja ukwenza ibheji. Kwakhona: check.Funda yonke → ezingama-36 zibuya kuzo zonke ezingama-32.3 ezibhejiweyo. Inyanga yokubala ngomonde yanele ukufumana isiphoso esingako, kwaye incinci kakhulu ukufumana esincinci kakhulu kunaso. Imijikelo engama-500 ngosuku yingcinga yesibalo; akukho mntu warekhoda ukuba ezo tafile zazihamba ngesantya esingakanani.
Emva koko
UJagger akazange athenge indlu enkulu. Ngo-1881 wathenga i-6 Greaves Street eLittle Horton, eBradford, kwaye kwiminyaka elishumi elandelayo okanye ngaphezulu, ngokubala kukaFletcher, ubuncinci izindlu ezingamashumi amathathu anesibini ezidityanisiweyo kufutshane, eziqeshwa ngerente okanye ezihlala izalamane. Ukholelwa ukuba wanika malunga nesinye kwisithathu semali kumadoda amabini awahamba naye. Akukho mqondiso wokuba wakha wayenza esidlangalaleni impumelelo. Wasweleka e-25 Greaves Street ngomhla wama-25 Epreli 1892, eneminyaka engama-61; isatifikethi sokufa sinika isifo seswekile. Ungcwatywe eBethel Chapel eShelf, kufutshane nalapho wazalelwa khona. Ixabiso lelifa lakhe emva kwamatyala yayiyi-£1,710.
Ingoma
“The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” yaculwa okokuqala ngo-1892, unyaka awasweleka ngawo uJagger, kwaye intsapho yakhe yakholelwa ixesha elide ukuba yayimalunga naye. Yayingenjalo. UFred Gilbert wayibhala emva kothotho lukaCharles Wells lwango-1891, olwazalisa amaphephandaba (jonga Indoda eyaphula ibhanki). UCharles Kingston wenza kwanto leyo ngo-1925: imbeko yaya kumqhophololi owafika emva komntu waseYorkshire.
Imibuzo
Mhlawumbi waphumelela isixa esikhulu: isitshixo sentsapho sango-1884, ukuthenga kwakhe izindlu ngequbuliso nengxelo kaBethell zonke zalatha kuloo ndlela. Izixa, oonobhala abathandathu namanani alithoba azinakuqinisekiswa.
UFletcher uthi kuphela ngababhali bomnombo abacebise unxibelelwano olukude. Akukho mnombo upapashiweyo.
Ilifa lakhe lalingu-£1,710 emva kwamatyala. Ngelo xesha, ngokwengxelo kaFletcher, imali yayisele ingene kwizindlu nakwizipho kwintsapho yakhe.
Uncumo
Impumelelo yashiya isitshixo nomqolo wezindlu. Iinkcukacha zafika kamva.
Imithombo
- Fletcher, A. From the Mill to Monte Carlo.
- Fletcher, A. “The true story of the man who broke the Monte Carlo bank: Joseph Hobson Jagger.”
- Bethell, V. Monte Carlo Anecdotes and Systems of Play.
- Kingston, C. The Romance of Monte Carlo.
- Polovtsoff, P. Monte Carlo Casino.
- Smith, A. Monaco and Monte Carlo.
- Quinn, R. The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo.