Iikhompyutha ze-roulette
Indlela ikhompyutha elinganisa ngayo ixesha lebhola, ngubani owakha ezokuqala, nokuba kufuneka ichane kangakanani.
Ikhompyutha ye-roulette ilinganisa ixesha lebhola nerotha kwimizuzwana yokuqala yomjikelo ize ixele inxalenye yevili apho ibhola kufanele iwele khona. U-Edward Thorp noClaude Shannon bakha eyokuqala ngo-1961, kwaye i-Eudaemons yakha ezedijithali ukusukela ngo-1976. Le ndlela ifuna iibheji ezamkelwa emva kokuphoswa kwebhola: izitudiyo ezibukhoma ngoku zivala ukubheja xa ibhola iphoswa, kwaye iNevada izivalile izixhobo ezinjalo ukusukela ngo-1985.
Indlela inkqubo yokuqala yekhompyutha ye-roulette eyakhiwa ngayo
Ingcamango yafika ku-Edward Thorp entwasahlobo ka-1955, ngelixa wayengumfundi wesidanga esiphakamileyo sefiziksi e-UCLA: ivili elenziwe kakuhle kangangokuba lingathambeki kufanele lijikelezise ibholaizixhoboIbholaIbhola encinci ephoswa emzileni ngokuchasene nerotha. Iibhola zanamhlanje zenziwe nge-ivorine okanye nge-Teflon, zi-18–21 mm.Funda yonke → ngendlela eqikelelekayo njengeplanethi. Wafota ivili elingabizi lesiqingatha sobukhulu newotshi yokumisa ifreyimini, walifumana lingaqhelekanga kakhulu ukuba liqikelelwe, kwaye uhambo oluya eNevada ngoDisemba 1958 lwambonisa ukuba amavili ekhasino ajikeleza kakuhle. Emva koko i-blackjack yathatha indawo. NgoNovemba 1960, e-MIT, wacela uClaude Shannon ukuba athumele iphepha lakhe lokubala amakhadi kwi-National Academy of Sciences; ekupheleni kwentlanganiso uShannon wabuza ukuba usebenza ngantoni enye, kwaye iprojekthi ye-roulette yafudukela kwigumbi elingaphantsi likaShannon. Bathenga ivili elisemgangathweni eReno nge-$1,500, balibeka kwitafile endala yebhiliyadi yesileyiti, baza balinganisa ixesha lebhola ngokuchasene nesibane esidanyazayo newotshi efundwa ukuya kwikhulu lomzuzwana. Ngokuziqhelisa iimpazamo zabo zokulinganisa ixesha zehla ukusuka malunga ne-0.03 ukuya kwi-0.01 yomzuzwana. NgoJuni 1961 ikhompyutha yayineetransistor ezilishumi elinambini kwaye yayinobukhulu bepakethi yecuba: iswitshi esezihlangwini, isetyenziswa ngozwane olukhulu, yayilinganisa ixesha lerothaizixhoboIrothaInxalenye ejikelezayo yevili ethwele izikhewu.Funda yonke → nelebhola, kwaye isandi kwindlebe enye sasixela elinye lamacandeloiviliIcandeloIsiqwenga esiqhubekayo sezikhewu evilini, esahlukileyo kwiqela elikwibhodi yokubheja.Funda yonke → asibhozo evili. ELas Vegas ngelo hlobo uShannon wayelinganisa ixesha evilini kwaye ebhala amanani njengaye nawuphi na umdlali wenkqubo, ngelixa uThorp ebheja iisenti ezilishumi kwelinye icala letafile. Uqikelelo lwalusebenza, kodwa iingcingo ezibhityileyo njengenwele eziya kwisandisi-zandi sendlebe zazisoloko ziqhawuka, kwaye kwakha kwathi umfazi owayecaleni kukaThorp wajonga ngoloyiko isandisi-zandi esiphuma endlebeni yakhe. Abazange babheje ngokunzulu. UThorp wayibhengeza inkqubo yekhompyutha ye-roulette ngo-1966 waza wapapasha iinkcukacha ngo-1979 nango-1984.
Iikhompyutha zokuqala zedijithali
Umatshini kaThorp noShannon wawungowe-analog: isekethe yawo yayiyinkqubo yawo, kwaye ukutshintsha indlela kwakuthetha ukuphinda uwufake iingcingo. I-microprocessor yasusa loo mda. U-Alan Lewis, umfundi e-Caltech, wathatha ikhompyutha yedijithali awayeyakhe ekhaya ikwityesi lekhamera waya nayo eCircus Circus eLas Vegas ngo-1972, walinganisa ixesha lamavili esuka kwibhalkhoni engaphezu kweetafile waza wathumela uqikelelo ngonomathotholo kwiqabane elingezantsi. Yasebenza, kodwa ayenzanga mali; kamva wafunda ukuba wayeshiye ngaphandle ukuthambeka kwevili. Ukusukela ngo-1976 iqela labafundi befiziksi eSanta Cruz, i-Eudaemons, lawenza ngokucokisekileyo umsebenzi. Bathenga ivili lekhasino, balinganisa ibhola, irotha, ukuthambeka nokutsiba, baza babhala ii-equation ezinezicwangciso ezintlanu umdlali azilungisa kwivili ngalinye ngokucofa iiswitshi zozwane malunga nemizuzu engamashumi amabini phambi kokubheja. Ikhompyutha yabo yayixela elinye lamacandelo asibhozo kwimizuzwana embalwa yomjikelo. Kwitafile yokwenyani ngoJanuwari 1978 yanika inzuzo abayibeka kuma-25%; izixhobo, ezibotshelelwe emzimbeni kwaye kamva zakhiwa ezihlangwini, zasilela kaninzi kakhulu kunefiziksi (jonga The Eudaemons).
Kutheni iibheji ezenziwa kade zazibalulekile
Ikhasino inokuthintela ngokupheleleyo uqikelelo ngokwala iibheji emva kokuba ibhola iphosiwe. UThorp wafumanisa ukuba phantse akukho nanye eyayisenza oko: eReno, eLas Vegas, eLondon, eMonte Carlo, eNice, eVenice nasePuerto Rico isiqhelo yayikukubhengeza “akusekho bhejiinkquboAkusekho bhejiIsibizo somqhubi (okanye isikhumbuzo esikrinini) esivala ukubheja. Iitshiphu azisenakubekwa, zishukunyiswe okanye zisuswe.Funda yonke →” kujikeleza okunye okanye okubini phambi kokuba ibhola iwe. Elo xesha yiyo nto yonke inkqubo yokuqikelela ukusukela ngoko ibiyidinga, ukusuka kwi-Eudaemons ukuya kwiibheji ezibizwa kade liqela le-Ritz kwi-racetrackitafileRacetrackUmtya oyi-oval kwiibhodi zokubheja ezibukhoma nezie-elektroniki obonisa amanani ngolandelelwano lwevili, osetyenziselwa ukubeka iibheji zabamelwane nezamacandelo ngokucofa kanye.Funda yonke →. INevada yazenza izixhobo zokuqikelela zangabi semthethweni ngoMeyi 1985, kwaye izitudiyo ezibukhoma ngoku zivala ukubheja xa ibhola iphoswa.
Indlela iikhasino ezalwa ngayo
Kwiminyaka apho iibheji zazisamkelwa emva kokuphoswa kwebhola, iikhasino zazilwa nabadlali ezibakrokrelayo ngomqhubi. Iingxelo ngabadlali benkqubo kaNorman Leigh eNice ngo-1966 nangamaqela okuqikelela kamva zichaza i-croupierabantuCroupierUmqhubi kwitafile ye-roulette.Funda yonke → entsha kumjikelo ngamnye, ibhola etshintshiweyo, imijikelo eyenziwe mifutshane okanye ikhawuleza, itafile exinene ngabantu bekhasino ngokwayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni itafile evaliweyo. La mabali avela kwicala labadlali kwaye kunzima ukuwaqinisekisa (Goldman, 2007). Noko ke amaqhinga anentsingiselo: umjikelo omfutshane okanye okhawulezayo awunakujolisa ibhola kwisikhewuizixhoboIsikhewuEsinye sezikhewu ezingama-37 ezinamanani kwirotha. Kwakhona: slot, cup.Funda yonke →, kodwa uyaliphazamisa ixesha elilinganiswa ngumqikeleli.
Uqikelelo kufuneka lube luhle kangakanani
UThorp (1984) wabala ukuba uqikelelo luxabisa malini xa impazamo yalo ilandela igophe lentsimbi: kumjikelo oqhelekileyo isikhewu esiqikelelweyo siphazama ngezikhewu eziyi-σ kwelinye icala okanye kwelinye. Bheja inani eliqikelelweyo lodwa, okanye lona nabamelwaneibhejiAbamelwaneInani kunye nezikhewu ezibini kwicala ngalinye lalo evilini, iitshiphu ezintlanu zenani elinye.Funda yonke → ababini kwicala ngalinye, kwaye inzuzo ixhomekeke ku-σ kuphela. Uqikelelo olugqibeleleyo beluya kuphumelela yonke ibheji yenani elinyeibhejiInani elinyeInani elinye, ihlawula u-35:1.Funda yonke →. Xa σ = izikhewu ezili-10, ukuchana okwafikelelwa nguThorp noShannon, ibheji yenani elinye ibuyisa malunga ne-+44%, inani elinikwa nguThorp ngesixhobo sabo; ingxelo yakhe yango-1998 iyibeka kwisibhozo sevili esithandwa kakhulu. Inzuzo yehla ngokukhawuleza njengoko impazamo ikhula kwaye iphela malunga nezikhewu ezili-17 kwivili laseYurophu ne-16 kwelaseMelika, xa uqikelelo luphazama phantse ngesiqingatha sevili. Uhlahlo lwempazamo lukaThorp ngokwakhe lubonisa ukuba kutheni loo mda usondele: iimpazamo ezahlukeneyo ze-1.4 ne-5.5 zezikhewu ekulinganiseni ixesha lerotha nelebhola, ezi-7 ekuweni kwebhola kwiziphambukisiizixhoboIsiphambukisiEsinye sezithintelo zentsimbi kwi-apron ezisasaza ibhola ewayo. Kwakhona: canoe, diamond, pin.Funda yonke → nezi-6 ekutsibeni kwizikhewu zidibana zibe malunga ne-10.8.
Imibuzo
Hayi. Akukho bhola. Inani lizotywa yisoftware phambi komboniso oshukumayo.
Bezinokuba sengozini yokulinganiswa kwexesha, kungoko kungekho nanye iqhutywa ngolo hlobo.
Ukonwaba ngezibalo
Qala uzizame ngokwakho. Isisombululo ngasinye sisongiwe; sivule xa ukulungele.
Ibheji ebizwayo yabamelwaneibhejiAbamelwaneInani kunye nezikhewu ezibini kwicala ngalinye lalo evilini, iitshiphu ezintlanu zenani elinye.Funda yonke → ibeka itshiphuimaliItshiphuUphawu olumele isixa esimiselweyo, olubekwa kwibhodi yokubheja ukwenza ibheji. Kwakhona: check.Funda yonke → enye kwinani nakwizikhewuizixhoboIsikhewuEsinye sezikhewu ezingama-37 ezinamanani kwirotha. Kwakhona: slot, cup.Funda yonke → ezimbini kwicala ngalinye lalo kwivili: iitshiphu ezintlanu. Uqikelelo kufuneka luwe kangaphi kwezo zikhewu zintlanu ukuze lulinganise, kwaye luzuza ntoni ukuba luchanile kanye kwezintlanu?
Bonisa isisombululo
Impendulo Ilinganisa ku-5 kwezingama-36, 13.9%, xa kuthelekiswa ne-13.5% ngethamsanqa lodwa. Ichanile kanye kwezintlanu, ibuyisa i-44% ngaphezu koko ikubhejayo.
Ukuba ibheji ebizwayo iyaphumelela, itshiphu enye iphumelela u-35 ku-1 kwaye ibuya nenzuzo yayo, iitshiphu ezingama-36, kwaye ezinye ezine ziyalahleka. Ngoko impumelelo ibuyisa ezingama-36 kwezi-5 ezibhejiweyo, kwaye ibheji ilinganisa ukuba iphumelela izihlandlo ezi-5 kwezingama-36, 13.9%. Ngethamsanqa iphumelela izihlandlo ezi-5 kwezingama-37, 13.5%. Eso sikhewu sincinci, singaphantsi kwesiqingatha senqaku lepesenti, kulapho yonke i-2.70% ivela khona.
Kwimpumelelo enye kwezintlanu, iitshiphu ezingu-0.2 × 36 = 7.2 ziyabuya kwezi-5 zonke ezibhejiweyo, +44%. Kwenye kwezine, +80%.
Yiyo loo nto inzuzo encinci ekuchaneni ixabisa kakhulu, kwaye kutheni iikhasino zivala iibheji ezibizwayoitafileIbheji ebizwayoIbheji ebhengezwa kumqhubi endaweni yokubekwa ngesandla, ngokwesiqhelo ibheji yecandelo levili efana ne-voisins okanye i-tiers. Kwakhona “ibheji ebhengeziweyo”.Funda yonke → kwangethuba kwiibheji eziphezulu: eso sikhewu sincinci yiyo yonke inzuzo yekhasino. Abadlali be-Ritz bowama-2004 kuthiwa babheja ngolu hlobo.
U-Thorp wadwelisa iimpazamo ezine ezizimeleyo kuqikelelo lwakhe, ngezikhewu: 1.4 ekubaleni ixesha lerothaizixhoboIrothaInxalenye ejikelezayo yevili ethwele izikhewu.Funda yonke →, 5.5 ekubaleni ixesha lebholaizixhoboIbholaIbhola encinci ephoswa emzileni ngokuchasene nerotha. Iibhola zanamhlanje zenziwe nge-ivorine okanye nge-Teflon, zi-18–21 mm.Funda yonke →, 7 ekuweni kwebhola kwiziphambukisiizixhoboIsiphambukisiEsinye sezithintelo zentsimbi kwi-apron ezisasaza ibhola ewayo. Kwakhona: canoe, diamond, pin.Funda yonke → kunye no-6 ekutsibeni ezikhewini. Iyonke inkulu kangakanani, kwaye iimpazamo ezimbini zokubala ixesha zongeza malini?
Bonisa isisombululo
Impendulo Malunga nezikhewu ezili-10.8 zizonke. Ngaphandle kweempazamo zokubala ixesha ibiya kuba yi-9.2, ngoko ukubala ixesha okubini kongeza i-1.6 kuphela.
Iimpazamo ezizimeleyo azidibani ngqo; izikwere zazo ziyadibana. Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo besixa yingcambu yesikwere yesixa sezikwere: 1.4² + 5.5² + 7² + 6² = 1.96 + 30.25 + 49 + 36 = 117.2, kwaye √117.2 ≈ 10.8.
Ngaphandle kweempazamo ezimbini zokubala ixesha: √(49 + 36) = √85 ≈ 9.2.
Iyonke yezikhewu ezili-10.8 ingaphakathi komda wezikhewu ezili-17 kwitheyibhile ekweli phepha kwaye ixabisa malunga ne-+34% kwinani elinye. Isifundo u-Thorp asifumanayo: xa ukuwa kwiziphambukisi sele kuyeyona mpazamo inkulu, ukubala ixesha ngcono kuzuza kancinci.
Uncumo
Ifiziksi iyasebenza. Ixesha lokubheja lavalwa.
Imithombo
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Thorp, E. O. The Mathematics of Gambling.
- Thorp, E. O. “The invention of the first wearable computer.”
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Small, M. & Tse, C. K. “Predicting the outcome of roulette.”
- Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams.
- Nevada Revised Statutes, chapter 465.