Imbali ye-roulette
Imbali ye-roulette idlula kuvavanyo lwefiziksi olwasilelayo, igumbi lokungcakaza eParis, abazalwana ababini kwidolophu yemithombo yaseJamani, kunye nekhasino eyenza isikhewu esinye esiluhlaza saba ngumgangatho waseYurophu.
Phambi kwevili
- 1654
UPascal noFermat: ingxaki yamanqaku; ixabiso elilindelekileyo.
Ixabiso elilindelekileyo kwi-roulette - 1655Ivili elingenanjongo
UBlaise Pascal, ekhangela umatshini oqhubeka ngonaphakade, wakha ivili elijikayo elilinganiswe kakuhle. Umatshini uyasilela; ivili lihlala liyisixhobo esiphantse singabi nakruthakruthwano, esibonakala singenamthetho.
Blaise Pascal: intsomi yevili le-roulette - 1657
UHuygens upapasha incwadi yokuqala ngolindelo.
- 1713
UJakob Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi: umthetho wamanani amakhulu.
Ukusondela ngokuhamba kwexesha: umthetho wamanani amakhulu kwi-roulette - Iminyaka yee-1740I-Roly-poly ne-E.O.
Izindlu zokungcakaza zaseNgilani zijikisa amavili anezikhewu ezilinganayo nezingalinganiyo. Imidlalo iyavalwa amaxesha amaninzi, nto leyo etyhalela ezinye iintlobo zayo kwiLizwekazi laseYurophu.
Ngubani owayila i-roulette? Imvelaphi ye-roulette - 1754
U-d’Alembert upapasha impazamo kamva eyabizwa ngegama lakhe njengenkqubo.
Isicwangciso se-D'Alembert kwi-roulette - 1758
INew France (Quebec) ivala idayisi, i-hoca, i-faro kunye ne-“roulette”: enye yeerekhodi zokuqala zegama njengomdlalo wokungcakaza.
- Iminyaka yee-1760
I-“Martingale” ingena kwizichazi-magama zesiFrentshi njengesitayile sokuthetha sokungcakaza.
Isicwangciso se-Martingale kwi-roulette
Umdlalo
- 1796Paris, Palais-Royal
Inoveli kaJaques Lablée ethi La Roulette ichaza ivili elinezikhewu ezimbini zekhasino, 0 no-00, kwindlu yokungcakaza ePalais-Royal. Le yeyona nkcazo ipheleleyo yokuqala yomdlalo wanamhlanje.
I-roulette kuncwadi - Iminyaka yee-1800
Amavili aseMelika ongeza isikhewu sokhozi: amanani amathathu ekhasino.
Ivili nemithetho ye-roulette yaseMelika - 1837
IFransi ivala iikhasino; umdlalo ufudukela kwiidolophu zemithombo zaseJamani.
- 1841
Abazalwana abangamaBlanc bathatha imvume yaseBad Homburg.
François Blanc - 1843Bad Homburg
UFrançois noLouis Blanc bavula ikhasino kwidolophu yemithombo yaseJamani kwaye basusa iqanda eliphindiweyo. Ivili eneqanda elinye lihlisa inzuzo yekhasino ngesiqingatha kwaye litsala abadlali kude kwiindawo zokuphumla ezikhuphisanayo.
IBad Homburg kunye neekhasino zeedolophu zemithombo - 1863Monte Carlo
Njengoko ukungcakaza kwakuvaliwe kulo lonke elaseJamani, uBlanc uthatha ikhasino eyayisokola eMonaco. IMonte Carlo iba ngumzekelo we-roulette yaseYurophu; iqanda elinye ngumgangatho wayo.
I-roulette yaseMonte Carlo - 1866
UDostoevsky, The Gambler.
IRoulettenburg kaDostoevsky - 1868
Uloliwe ukusuka eNice ukuya eMonte Carlo.
Casino de Monte-Carlo - 1869
IMonaco iyayiphelisa irhafu yengeniso.
- 1872
IPrussia ivala iikhasino zaseJamani.
Abadlali novavanyo
- Iminyaka yee-1870
ULabouchère wenza ukuba inkqubo yokucima idume eLondon.
Isicwangciso se-Labouchère kwi-roulette - malunga no-1880Ivili likaJagger
UJoseph Jagger, usomashishini wamalaphu waseYorkshire, ubhalisa amavili aseMonte Carlo kwaye abheje kumanani aphuma rhoqo kakhulu. Uphumelela ubutyebi; ikhasino iyawahambisa amavili ayo, emva koko iyawatshintsha.
Joseph Jagger: isicwangciso se-roulette eMonte Carlo - 1891Indoda eyaphula ibhanki
UCharles Wells uphelisa iitshiphu zetafile amatyeli aliqela kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, nto leyo ebangela ingoma ye-music-hall. Uphando alufumani nkqubo, lufumana ithamsanqa kuphela kwaye, kamva, ubuqhophololo kwenye indawo.
Indoda eyaphula ibhanki - 1900
UPearson upapasha uvavanyo lwe-chi-square ngedatha yemijikelo yaseMonte Carlo.
Uvavanyo lwe-chi-square - 1907
IFransi iphinda ivumele iikhasino ngokwasemthethweni kwiidolophu zemithombo nezaselunxwemeni.
- 1913
Amnyama angama-26 elandelelana eMonte Carlo.
Impazamo yomngcakazi - 1931
INevada ivumela ukungcakaza kweekhasino ngokwasemthethweni.
Amavili e-roulette aseLas Vegas - Iminyaka yee-1940
U-Ulam noVon Neumann bathiya indlela ye-Monte Carlo.
- 1953
UFleming, Casino Royale: uBond ubheja kwiidazini ezimbini kwi-roulette.
Isicwangciso se-James Bond kwi-roulette - 1961
UThorp noShannon bakha ikhompyutha yokuqala ye-roulette enokunxitywa.
Iikhompyutha ze-roulette - 1965
UDubins noSavage bangqina ukuba ukudlala ngesibindi kungcono kwimidlalo engenabulungisa.
- 1969
Uphando lukaThorp luchaza ukuba kutheni kungekho nkqubo yokubheja eyoyisa umdlalo onolindelo olungaphantsi kweqanda.
Intsomi: isicwangciso se-roulette esisoloko siphumelela - 1977–81
Iikhompyutha ezifihliweyo zeEudaemons eNevada: phantsi kwekhwapha ngo-1978, esihlangwini ngo-1981.
The Eudaemons - 1985
INevada yenza izixhobo zokuqikelela zibe lulwaphulo-mthetho. UBass upapasha i-The Eudaemonic Pie.
Ukukopela kwi-roulette
Umdlalo wanamhlanje
- Inkulungwane yama-20Ukusuka kwiidolophu zemithombo ukuya kwizikrini
I-roulette ihambela eLas Vegas iqanda eliphindiweyo libuyiselwe, emva koko kwiitafile ze-RNG kwi-intanethi ngeminyaka yee-1990 nakumavili esitudiyo asasazwa bukhoma ngeminyaka yee-2000.
I-roulette yaseYurophu neyaseMelika - Iminyaka yee-1990
Intsapho yakwaGarcía-Pelayo isebenzisa amavili athambekileyo kufutshane neMadrid; bayavalelwa; iinkundla ziyabuchitha ubuvalo (2004).
Gonzalo García-Pelayo: inkqubo ye-roulette - 1996
Iikhasino zokuqala zekwi-intanethi ezine-roulette ye-RNG.
I-roulette ebukhoma ne-roulette ye-RNG - 2003–06
I-roulette enomqhubi obukhoma isasazwa ukusuka kwiistudiyo; iRiga neMalta ziba ngamaziko.
Isebenza njani i-roulette ebukhoma - 2004
Iqela laseRitz liphumelela i-£1.3m ngokuqikelela ibhola; i-laser ekuthiwa yayikho ayizange ifunyanwe; akukho tyala.
Ukudlala ngenzuzo kwi-roulette - 2005
UK Gambling Act: iimvume ezibanzi zokungcakaza ekude.
I-roulette e-UK - 2012
USmall noTse bapapasha ifiziksi yokuqikelela kwi-roulette.
Ifiziksi yevili le-roulette - 2013
INew Jersey iqalisa iikhasino zekwi-intanethi ezilawulwayo.
I-roulette eMelika (USA) - 2016
I-roulette eneqanda eliphindwe kathathu kwi-Las Vegas Strip.
I-roulette eneqanda kathathu - 2018
Ukuvalwa kokubheja kwezemidlalo kurhulumente womanyano waseMelika kuyachithwa; amazwe ayawisa imithetho.
- 2021
IJamani neNetherlands zinika iimvume zemidlalo yekhasino yekwi-intanethi.
I-roulette eYurophu - 2026
Le sayithi: yonke imihla engentla, kunye nezibalo.
Umgca omnye obalulekileyo
Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini enesiqingatha ii-odds ze-roulette zatshintsha kanye zincedisa umdlali (1843, iqanda elinye lasuswa) kwaye kabini zimchasa (ukhozi ngeminyaka yee-1800, iqanda eliphindwe kathathu ngo-2016). Yonke enye into, iinkqubo, iikhompyutha, iistudiyo, izibane, zazishiya izibalo apho uLablée wazifumana khona: 36/n − 1 ngokuchasene nevili elinesinye isikhewu esingaphezulu kwaloo nani.
Imibuzo
OkaPascal. Uvavanyo lwevili lwenyani; unxulumano ne-roulette lungokwesithethe.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19; ulandelelwano lwaseYurophu olusetyenziswayo namhlanje lwalusele luqhelekile ngexesha leMonte Carlo.
Mhlawumbi omnye wolawulo. Ivili ligqityiwe.
Uncumo
Iinkulungwane ezimbini enesiqingatha, uphuculo olunye, ukubuyela umva okubini, amabali amaninzi.
Imithombo
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.