Ngubani owayila i-roulette? Imvelaphi ye-roulette
Amavili aliqela, igama elinye, isixeko esathi ekugqibeleni sakubhala phantsi.
Akukho mntu urekhodiweyo njengowayila i-roulette. Umdlalo njengoko siwazi uvela eParis ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, udibanisa ivili elijikelezayo lemidlalo yangaphambili nebhodi yokubheja eyabolekwa kwimidlalo yetafile yaseItali neyaseNgilani.
Ookhokho
Imidlalo emithathu emidala yanika iinxalenye. Amavili esiNgesi e-E.O. (“even-odd”) eminyaka yee-1740 ayenevili elijikelezayo elinezikhewuizixhoboIsikhewuEsinye sezikhewu ezingama-37 ezinamanani kwirotha. Kwakhona: slot, cup.Funda yonke → ezingamashumi amane eziphawulwe ngo-E okanye u-O kunye nebholaizixhoboIbholaIbhola encinci ephoswa emzileni ngokuchasene nerotha. Iibhola zanamhlanje zenziwe nge-ivorine okanye nge-Teflon, zi-18–21 mm.Funda yonke → ephoswa kulo; avalwa ngo-1745 kodwa aqhubeka edlalwa noko. I-roly-poly, umdlalo wangaphambili wesiNgesi, yayifana. Umdlalo welotho waseItali i-biribi, ekuthiwa waqala eGenoa malunga no-1750 waziwa eFransi njenge-cavagnole, wawusebenzisa ibhodi yamanani angama-70 abadlali ababheja kuwo kunye nengxowa ekwakukhutshwa kuyo inani; inani eliphumeleleyo lalibuyisa izihlandlo ezingama-64 zebheji, kuquka ibheji (63 ku-1), ngoko umbhanki wayegcina ezi-6 kuzo zonke ezingama-70 iiyunithiimaliIyunithiIbheji esisiseko esetyenziswa yinkqubo okanye ngumdlali. Ukunyuswa kweebheji kuchazwa ngeeyunithi ukuze kusebenze kuyo nayiphi na itafile.Funda yonke → ezibhejiweyo, inzuzo ye-8.57%. UCasanova, owayidlalayo ngeminyaka yee-1760, wayibiza ngokuba ngumdlalo wabaqhophololi, kwaye iFransi yayivala ngo-1837. Yanegalelo lombono webhodi yokubhejaizixhoboIbhodi yokubhejaIgridi yokubheja eshicilelwe etafileni. Kwakhona: itafile, ilaphu.Funda yonke → yamanani enentlawuloimaliIntlawuloOko ibheji ephumeleleyo ikubuyisayo, okuxelwa njengo-“X ku-1” ngaphezulu kwebheji ebuyisiweyo.Funda yonke → yee-odds ezinde. I-hoca, eyayidlalwa kwinkundla yaseFransi ngeminyaka yee-1600, yayinamanani angamashumi amathathu kunye nenzuzo yekhasinoizibaloInzuzo yekhasinoIsabelo sebheji nganye esigcinwa yikhasino ngokomndilili: 2.70% kwi-roulette yaseYurophu.Funda yonke → eyakhelwe kwiindawo ezigcinelweyo. Akukho nanye kuzo eyi-roulette; zonke kunye ngabazali bayo.
I-hoca kwinkundla yaseFransi: amanani angamashumi amathathu, iindawo zekhasino. Yavalwa nguLouis XIV, yadlalwa noko.
I-biribi eItali naseFransi: ibhodi enamanani, inani likhutshwa engxoweni, ii-odds ezinde.
Amavili e-E.O. kwizindlu zokungcakaza zaseNgilani: ivili elijikelezayo, ibhola, alinganayo okanye angalinganiyo. Avalwa ngo-1745.
IParis idibanisa ivili nebhodi yokubheja enamanani. Bobabini u-0 no-00 zizikhewu zekhasino.
Umdlalo wasePalais-Royal ochazwa yinoveli kaLablée (1801) ngeenkcukacha ezibonakalayo.
Yayilwa phi i-roulette? EParis, ngo-1796
Inoveli ethi La Roulette, ou le Jour kaJaques Lablée, eyapapashwa ngo-1801, ichaza ivili ePalais-Royal ngo-1796 elinamanani u-1 ukuya ku-36, iqandaiviliIqandaIsikhewu esinye esiluhlaza esingagubungelwa yibheji yemali elinganayo, yedazini okanye yekholamu; umthombo wenzuzo yekhasino. Kwakhona: iqanda elinye, 0.Funda yonke → elibomvuibhejiObomvuIbheji yemali elinganayo kumanani ali-18 abomvu. NgesiFrentshi: rouge.Funda yonke → neqanda eliphindiweyouhloboIqanda eliphindiweyoIsikhewu esingu-00 sevili laseMelika. Ubukho baso bunyusa inzuzo yekhasino ukusuka kwi-2.70% ukuya kwi-5.26%.Funda yonke → elimnyamaibhejiOmnyamaIbheji yemali elinganayo kumanani ali-18 amnyama. NgesiFrentshi: noir.Funda yonke → ezigcinelwe ikhasino, kunye nebhodi yokubheja eneebheji zangaphakathi nezangaphandleibhejiIbheji yangaphandleIbheji kwiibhokisi ezijikeleze igridi: iidazini, iikholamu neebheji zemali elinganayo.Funda yonke → phantse njengoko zinjalo namhlanje. Yinkcazo yokuqala epheleleyo kwaye sele ingumdlalo wanamhlanje. IPalais-Royal yayiyindawo yokungcakaza yaseParis, inemvume kwaye irhafiswa, de ukuvalwa kwango-1837 kwatyhalela umdlalo kwiidolophu zemithombo zaseJamani.
IBad Homburg kunye neekhasino zeedolophu zemithomboIibheji zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kwi-roulette
Igama
I-roulette sisiFrentshi esithetha “ivili elincinci”. Igama lalisetyenziswa kweminye imidlalo yamavili phambi kokuba lizinze kulo: umgaqo wango-1758 weNew France, ikoloni yaseFransi kuMlambo iSt Lawrence, wawusele uvala “idayisi, i-hoca, i-faro ne-roulette”, njengoko uShelley (1988) exela, ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba loo roulette yayinjani. Kwimithombo yokuqala yesiNgesi umdlalo ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba yi-“roulet” okanye uchazwa njenge-“the French E.O.”. Ngeminyaka yee-1820 i-“roulette” yayithetha umdlalo omnye othile kuyo yonke iYurophu.
Amaqanda amabini
Amavili okuqala aseParis ayenoo-0 no-00, nto leyo eyanika ikhasino inzuzo ye-5.26% kwivili lezikhewu ezingama-38. Ivili leqanda elinye yayiyintshukumo yorhwebo yabazalwana abangamaBlanc eBad Homburg ngo-1843, eyenzelwe ukutsala abadlali kwiidolophu zemithombo ezikhuphisanayo. Ivili laseMelika lagcina omabini amaqanda kuba umdlalo wawusele ufike eMelika phambi kotshintsho kwaye akukho mntu apho wayenomkhuphisani wokumthobela amaxabiso. Amanye amavili okuqala aseMelika aya phambili ngakumbi: ibhodi enye yenkulungwane ye-19 yayinamanani u-1 ukuya ku-28 kuphela no-0, 00 nokhozi, yahlawula inani elinye u-27 ngo-1, inzuzo ye-12.90%, kwaye yathatha i-9.68% kwiikholamuibhejiIkholamuAmanani alishumi elinambini kwikholamu enye ethe nkqo yebhodi yokubheja, ihlawula u-2:1.Funda yonke → zayo nakwimibala. Ayizange ihlale.
Kutheni yasasazeka
I-roulette ayifuni buchule, ihlawula yonke imizuzu, kwaye ivumela nawuphi na umlinganiselo wabadlali ukuba babheje ngaxeshanye ngokuchasene nekhasino engenakulahlekelwa ixesha elide. Kumqhubi wekhasino ngowona mdlalo ufanelekileyo: uyakhawuleza, ulula, unokwandiswa kwaye unenzuzo ngezinga elaziwayo. Kurhulumente uyarhafiswa. Umdlalo walandela imali neemvume ukusuka eParis ukuya eHomburg ukuya eMonaco ukuya kuyo yonke indawo.
I-roulette yaseMonte CarloUkusondela ngokuhamba kwexesha: umthetho wamanani amakhulu kwi-roulette
Into engatshintshanga
Ibhodi yokubheja, iintlawulo (36/n − 1), ulandelelwano olumiselweyo lomjikelo nendima yomqhubi ziyafana kwinkcazo kaLablée nakusasazo olubukhoma lwanamhlanje. Ulandelelwano lwevili, izixhobo zokuphambukisaizixhoboIsiphambukisiEsinye sezithintelo zentsimbi kwi-apron ezisasaza ibhola ewayo. Kwakhona: canoe, diamond, pin.Funda yonke → kunye nezahluliizixhoboIsahluliIsahluli sentsimbi phakathi kwezikhewu ezimbini evilini.Funda yonke → eziphantsi luphuculo lwenkulungwane ye-19 ngokuchasene nabadlali ababefunde ukubukela ibhola. Iqanda elinye kuphela kotshintsho olwachaphazela ii-odds, kwaye lwazenza zangcono.
Imibuzo
Wenza uvavanyo ngamavili ajikelezayo ngeminyaka yee-1650 ngenxa yezinye izizathu. Esi sigqibo singokwesithethe, asibhalwanga. Jonga iphepha lakhe.
Yayinemvume ePalais-Royal de kwangu-1837, emva koko yavalwa de kwangu-1907, xa iikhasino kwiidolophu zemithombo nezaselunxwemeni zaphinda zavunyelwa.
Ukutshintshanisa imibala ngokungqongqo nokusasaza aphezulu/aphantsi kunye nangalinganiyo/alinganayo. Ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo lwagqitywa ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye alukhange lutshintshe.
Ukonwaba ngezibalo
Qala uzizame ngokwakho. Isisombululo ngasinye sisongiwe; sivule xa ukulungele.
I-Biribi yayibuyisa ama-64 ngo-1 kwinani elinye kwangama-70, kuquka ibheji: ama-63 ku-1. Yeyiphi inzuzo yekhasino leyo? Ukuba ibinike ibheji kumanani amabini, yeyiphi intlawuloimaliIntlawuloOko ibheji ephumeleleyo ikubuyisayo, okuxelwa njengo-“X ku-1” ngaphezulu kwebheji ebuyisiweyo.Funda yonke → ebiya kugcina inzuzo efanayo?
Bonisa isisombululo
Impendulo Inzuzo yekhasino ngu-6/70, i-8.57%. Ibheji yamanani amabini ibiya kuhlawula ama-31 ku-1, inani elipheleleyo.
Inani elinye liphumelela kanye kukuzotywa okungama-70 kwaye lihlawula iiyunithiimaliIyunithiIbheji esisiseko esetyenziswa yinkqubo okanye ngumdlali. Ukunyuswa kweebheji kuchazwa ngeeyunithi ukuze kusebenze kuyo nayiphi na itafile.Funda yonke → ezingama-63; okunye ukuzotywa okungama-69 kulahlekelwa yi-1: (63 − 69)/70 = −6/70, inzuzo yekhasino ye-8.57%. Ngamanye amazwi, ibhanki ibuyisa ama-64 apho umdlalo olinganayoizibaloUmdlalo onobulungisaUmdlalo apho kungekho cala linenzuzo: yonke ibheji inexabiso elilindelekileyo eliliqanda.Funda yonke → ubuya kuhlawula ama-70.
Ibheji yamanani amabini ku-x ku-1 iphumelela kabini kukuzotywa okungama-70: iiyunithi ezi-2x eziphumeleleyo ngokuchasene nezingama-68 ezilahlekileyo, ixabiso elilindelekileyoizibaloIxabiso elilindelekileyoIsiphumo esiphakathi kwibheji nganye ekuhambeni kwexesha elide. −1/37 yebheji kuyo yonke ibheji eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu.Funda yonke → le-(2x − 68)/70. Misela 2x − 68 = −6: x = 31. Loo nto ingama-32 abuyayo ngo-1, isiqingatha sama-64.
Iintlawulo ze-Biribi zilandela u-64/n obuyayo ngo-1, kwaye ama-64 ahlulwa kakuhle ngesiqingatha ukuya kumanani a-1, 2, 4, 8, 16 nama-32, ngoko ezo bheji ziphuma zipheleleyo. Ama-36 e-roulette ahlulwa ngo-1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 nama-36, nto leyo ilungele ibhodi yokubhejaizixhoboIbhodi yokubhejaIgridi yokubheja eshicilelwe etafileni. Kwakhona: itafile, ilaphu.Funda yonke → enemiqolo yamathathu.
Amanani angama-70 e-Biribi, abekwe ngemiqolo, ashiya indawo yeebheji ezine zamanani amathathu. Ngokomthetho ongasemva kwenzuzo yekhasino ye-8.57% yenani elinye, ibheji yamanani amathathu kufanele ihlawule malini? Iintlawulo ezipheleleyo ezikufutshane bezinokubiza malini?
Bonisa isisombululo
Impendulo Ama-20⅓ ku-1. Ukuhlawula ama-20 ku-1 bekuya kubiza i-10%; ukuhlawula ama-21 ku-1, i-5.71%.
Umthetho ovela kwiphazili engentla: ibheji kumanani ayi-n ihlawula u-64/n obuyayo ngo-1. Kumanani amathathu loo nto ingu-64/3 = 21⅓ obuyayo, okanye ama-20⅓ ku-1, ekungekho tshiphuimaliItshiphuUphawu olumele isixa esimiselweyo, olubekwa kwibhodi yokubheja ukwenza ibheji. Kwakhona: check.Funda yonke → inokuwahlawula.
Ibheji yamanani amathathu ku-x ku-1 iphumelela amaxesha ama-3 kukuzotywa okungama-70 kwaye ilahlekelwe amaxesha angama-67: ixabiso elilindelekileyo le-(3x − 67)/70. Kuma-20 ku-1: −7/70, 10%. Kuma-21 ku-1: −4/70, 5.71%.
Ukujikeleza kuhliswe ngesithathu seyunithi kubiza umdlali phantse inqaku elinesiqingatha; ukujikeleza kunyuswe kubuyisa phantse amanqaku amathathu. Amashumi amathathu anesithandathu, anezahluli ezininzi, asindisa i-roulette kolo khetho kuyo yonke ibheji ngaphandle kweyaseMelika yamanani amahlanu.
Ivili lokhozi lwenkulungwane ye-19 lalinezikhewuizixhoboIsikhewuEsinye sezikhewu ezingama-37 ezinamanani kwirotha. Kwakhona: slot, cup.Funda yonke → ezingama-31, 1 ukuya kuma-28 kunye no-0, 00 nokhozi, kwaye lalihlawula ama-27 ngo-1 kwinani elinye. Iibheji zalo zeekholamuibhejiIkholamuAmanani alishumi elinambini kwikholamu enye ethe nkqo yebhodi yokubheja, ihlawula u-2:1.Funda yonke → nezemibala zazibiza i-9.68%. Ibheji yamanani amane kufanele ihlawule malini, “for 1”, ukuze ibize ngokufanayo?
Bonisa isisombululo
Impendulo Isi-7 ngo-1, esibiza 3/31 = 9.68%.
Ibheji ehlawula u-X ngo-1 ibuyisa iiyunithi eziyi-X, kuquka ibheji, xa iphumelela. Ibheji yamanani amane iphumelela amaxesha ama-4 kwangama-31, ngoko ibuyisa iiyunithi ezi-4X kwezingama-31 nganye ezibhejiweyo: ixabiso elilindelekileyo le-(4X − 31)/31.
Kwisi-7 ngo-1 loo nto ingu-−3/31, i-9.68%, efanayo neekholamu nemibala. Kwisi-8 ngo-1 ibiya kuba ngu-+1/31, inzuzo kumdlali. Ngoko umthetho wevili lokhozi wawungu-(28 − n)/n ku-1, izikhewu ezintathu zekhasino kwezingama-31.
Uncumo
Ivili lesiNgesi, ibhodi yokubheja yaseItali, igama lesiFrentshi, amaqanda amabini.
Imithombo
- Lablée, J. La Roulette, ou le Jour.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.
- Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, uhlelo lwesi-4.